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Nose, Mouth, Throat and Neck

Nose Expected findings: Nostrils patent bilaterally Obligate nose breathers No nasal discharge	Common variations: Sneezes to clear nostrils Bridge appears absent Thin white nasal mucus discharge
Signs of potential distress or deviations from expected findings: Choanal atresia and discharge Malformation Nasal flaring beyond first few moments after birth
Mouth and Throat Expected findings:
Uvula midline Minimal or absent salivation Tongue moves freely and does not protrude Well developed fat pads bilateral cheeks	Sucking reflex Rooting reflex Gag reflex Extrusion reflex
Mucosa moist. Shortly after birth may visualize sucking calluses on central portions of lips.	Photo used with permission*
Palate high arched	Photo used with permission*
Common variations:
Epstein's pearls on ridges of gums	Photo used with permission*
Signs of potential distress or deviations from expected findings:
Cleft lip or cleft palate Circumoral pallor Lip movement asymmetrical	Reflexes absent or incomplete Protruding tongue Diminished tongue movement
Candida Albicans	Photo used with permission*
Percocious teeth	Photo used with permission*
Neck Expected findings:
Short and thick Turns easily side to side Clavicles intact	Tonic neck reflex present Neck-righting reflex present Some head control
Signs of potential distress or deviations from expected findings:
Torticollis-stiff neck drawing head to one side Resistance to flexion Webbing of neck	Large fat pad on back of neck Palpable crepitus, movement with palpation of clavicle
* Photo used with permission of Mead Johnson (1978). Variations and Minor Departures in Infants. Nutritional Division Mead Johnson & company, Evansville, Indiana.

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